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ニュース&イベント
【開催レポート】DHU主催公開講座 現実科学 レクチャーシリーズVol.32(菅野志桜里氏) 2023.03.30 (Thu)
【開催レポート】DHU主催公開講座 現実科学 レクチャーシリーズVol.32(菅野志桜里氏)
デジタルハリウッド大学と現実科学ラボがお届けする「現実科学 レクチャーシリーズ」。
「現実を科学し、ゆたかにする」をテーマに、デジタルハリウッド大学大学院 藤井直敬卓越教授がホストになって各界有識者をお招きし、お話を伺うレクチャー+ディスカッションのトークイベントです。
Twitterのハッシュタグは「#現実とは 」です。ぜひ、みなさんにとっての「現実」もシェアしてください。
概要 開催日時:2023年2月28日(火)19:30~21:00 参加費用:無料 参加方法: Peatixページより、参加登録ください。 お申込み後、Zoomの視聴用リンクをお送りいたします。 視聴専用のセミナーになりますので、お客様のカメラとマイクはオフのまま、お気軽にご参加いただけます。 ご注意事項
当日の内容によって、最大30分延長する可能性がございます。(ご都合の良い時間に入退出いただけます。) 内容は予期なく変更となる可能性がございます。 ウェビナーの内容は録画させていただきます。 プログラム(90分) はじめに 現実科学とは:藤井直敬 ゲストトーク:菅野志桜里氏 対談:菅野志桜里氏 × 藤井直敬 Q&A 登壇者 菅野志桜里 弁護士・国際人道プラットフォーム代表理事 仙台生まれ、東京育ち。社会人デビューは少女時代の初代「アニー」役。東京大学法学部卒業後は検察官に任官。2009年より3期10年衆議院議員を務め、待機児童問題・皇位継承問題・憲法問題・人権外交などに取り組む。現在は弁護士、一般社団法人国際人道プラットフォーム代表理事、消費者庁霊感商法等対策検討会委員、その他「人権外交を超党派で考える議員連盟」アドバイザー、対中政策に関する国際議員連盟IPAC(Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China)日本コーディネーター。著書に「立憲的改憲」(ちくま新書)。
藤井 直敬 医学博士/ハコスコ 代表取締役 CSO(最高科学責任者) XRコンソーシアム代表理事、ブレインテックコンソーシアム代表理事 東北大学医学部特任教授、デジタルハリウッド大学学長補佐兼大学院卓越教授 1998年よりMIT研究員。2004年より理化学研究所脳科学総合研究センター副チームリーダー。2008年より同センターチームリーダー。2014年株式会社ハコスコ創業。 主要研究テーマは、現実科学、適応知性および社会的脳機能解明。
共催
事件における「もっともらしい現実」の再現に心を砕く検察官 第32回 現実科学レクチャーシリーズは、元検察官で、2009年より3期10年衆議院議員を務めた菅野志桜里さんに登壇いただきました。菅野さんは議員を辞めた後、現在は弁護士と国際人道プラットフォーム代表理事として活動しています。藤井教授は菅野さんをゲストに招いた理由について「これまでのレクチャーシリーズは『社会』の視点からの議論が抜けていた。僕ら科学者の持つ視点とは全く異なる視点を持つ菅野さんの、現実への考えを聞きたかった」と語り、今回のレクチャーは対談形式で行われました。
菅野さんは検察官の仕事を通じて、「現実は人の数だけあるパーソナルなもの」だと思うようになったといいます。なぜなら検察官の仕事には、物証や証言を組み合わせながら、“事件”という過去に起きた現実を再現することも含まれるからです。
例えば、AさんがBさんの頭を鉄の棒で殴ったことで殺人事件が起きたとすると、Aさんの罪を裁くには、Aさんの殺意の有無を証明する必要があります。ただ、Aさんに殺意があったのか、本当のところは誰にも分かりません。殺されたBさん、Aさんの罪状を明らかにして求刑する検察官はもちろんのこと、実はAさん自身にも自分に殺意があったかどうかが分からない場合もあるからです。
しかし、そのような状況でも、裁判の中ではさまざまな状況証拠をもとに、Aさんの殺意を立証していくことになります。Aさんが「鉄の棒でBさんの頭を殴った」という事実があるのならば、「手ではなく鉄の棒で、手足ではなく頭を殴った」のであれば「一般的には殺意があるはずだ」というような一般的な行動原則に基づき、裁判で罪の重さや刑を決めていくのです。
菅野さんはそのような裁判の進め方や検察官の仕事について、「再現できない現実を、いかに再現に近づけるか心を砕く職業が検事だった」と話しました。
裁判は「人が語るストーリー」 菅野さんはさらに、裁判は「人が語るストーリー」を軸に行われていると語りました。裁判では、事件に関連する揺るがしようのない証拠をもとに、検察官と弁護士がそれぞれストーリーを組み立てていきます。それを裁判でぶつけ合いながら、最終的には裁判官によって「現時点で人間が出しうる最も確からしい、現実に近いストーリー」としてまとめて判決を下していくのです。
このストーリーの組み立て方はどの国も基本的には同じで、「物に残った証拠」と「人の記憶に残った証拠」の2軸をもとに、一般的な人間はどう行動するかという予測と合わせて事件のストーリーを構成していくことになるといいます。
藤井教授はその話を受け、「そのような仕事に怖さはないのか」と質問を投げかけました。菅野さんは「国会議員になったばかりの頃は、検察官の仕事のほうが怖かったと感じていた。しかし、国会議員の仕事をやる中で、自分の行動が間接的に社会に影響を与えていくことが分かり、別の怖さが生まれてきた」と当時の感覚を話しました。
裁判で人の現実を認定し、判決をくだすことの限界 ここで、藤井教授は昨今のニュースから、ひとつの話題を提示しました。それは聴覚障害のあった女児が交通事故で死亡し、その逸失利益(その人が生きていれば将来得られるはずだった収入や利益のこと)は健常者の85%とする判決が下されたことについてです。
藤井教授は、聴覚障害者も健常者と同じように社会に貢献する可能性があるにもかかわらず、裁判では耳が聞こえないという理由のみで「健常者の85%の損害賠償額」と決められてしまったことに対し、「そういう判決はありなのか」と驚いたと言います。
菅野さんは藤井教授の疑問を受け、「合理的に計算できないことを計算しなければならないという仕事に対し、どこまで真摯に向き合うかという話だと思う。その判決は怠けているのではないか」と自身の考えを述べました。賠償金額については、そもそも逸失利益を基準とすべきかどうかの論点もあるといいます。菅野さんは「人の現実を認定する、未来も含めてお金に換算するという作業には限界がある。限界に対して謙虚であれば、別の物差しを提案し、その是非を議論できる。しかし、そのような議論は現在の日本の司法の場では行われていないように思う」と、藤井教授の話題に対して見解を述べました。
社会を変える大きなうねりの中にいた国会議員時代 一方で、国会議員であれば、そのような判決に対して疑義を唱え、改善を促せる可能性があるかもしれないと菅野さんは語ります。菅野さんは国会議員の仕事について、世の中の不条理をすくい上げ、国会での議論を通じて社会を動かし、新たなルールをつくっていく仕事だと捉えているそうです。実際に国会議員として仕事をしていた際は、国会質疑を行う部屋で「現実を変えるために、社会と対話をし、説得をしている」という感覚を覚えたといいます。
藤井教授はそんな菅野さんに「議員を3期務めた中で、成し遂げた実感のあること」を尋ねました。菅野さんは自分自身がすべてをひとりで成し遂げたのではないものの、待機児童問題については、国会議員として社会と政治が大きく変わるうねりの中にいた実感があると回答。当時の様子を詳しく語り始めました。
待機児童問題が社会の中で大きな注目を集めたのは、2016年のことです。「保育園落ちた日本死ね!!!」という匿名掲示板への投稿が話題を集め、メディアにも取り上げられるようになりました。その報道内容と、学生インターンからの「この問題を国会で取り上げてほしい」という言葉をきっかけに、菅野さんはメディアでも放映される予算委員会で、首相に対して答弁を行うことを決めます。しかし、予算委員会での答弁は、菅野さんにとっては「大失敗」と感じられるものになってしまいました。首相に匿名ブログの存在を認知しているか質問をしても、「匿名だから知らない」という水掛け論になってしまい、その場にいた議員からも多数のヤジが飛んできてしまったからです。
ただ、3日後に事態は一変しました。「ただの匿名ブログじゃないか」という答弁内容やヤジに対して、国に待機児童問題の解決に向けて動くよう意見を表明する署名運動が起き、数万件の署名が集まりました。その上、メディアでも連日のような報道がなされる中で、政治も大きく動くことになったのです。
菅野さんはそのような経験について、「大きなうねりの中で国会議員として仕事ができたのはおもしろかった」と語りました。
「人間らしさ」から人権・人道問題にアプローチする 法律を使う仕事から、現実に対処するための最適解をつくるべく、法律をつくる立場の国会議員へと仕事を変えた菅野さん。志を持って臨んだ国会議員の仕事に、10年という期間で区切りをつけた理由について、「こつこつ問題解決を積み上げていくよりも、ルールづくりのプロセスにゲームチェンジを起こしたいと思った」と説明しました。
菅野さんが現在テーマとしているのは、国際的な人権・人道の問題です。この問題を意識するようになったのは、中国政府による香港弾圧を目にしたことがきっかけだったと言います。
そして、活動の中で「人権」だけでなく「人道」という言葉も合わせて使うのは、菅野さんは普遍的な人間らしさに基づいて人権問題を考えるアプローチをとりたいからだと話します。なぜなら、「人権」は西洋のキリスト教的な思想に基づいており、神から与えられた人間の権利という価値観や感覚がその根底に流れています。しかし、そのような価値観を受け入れられない地域や市民も一定数存在しています。現在発生している人権・人道問題を真の意味で解決するためには、「人間が、人間とともに、人間らしく生きるための最低限のルール」を考えたほうが、多くの人にとって受け入れやすいと考えられるのです。
そのような菅野さんの考えに対して、藤井教授は「感銘を受けている」としながら、「死刑と人権問題」への考え方についても話題を広げました。藤井教授は小説家・平野啓一郎さんの書籍『死刑について』を読む中で、「人を殺してはいけないということが人類共通のルールなのであれば、それは国にも適用される。だから、死刑も戦争もあってはならない」とする平野さんの考え方に大きく納得したといいます。
菅野さんも現在の日本の司法制度の中では「死刑には無理がある」と持論を述べながら、「人を殺してはならないというルールは、生きていくために殺さなければならない動物と違い、人間が独自でたどり着いたものだ。殺し合う世界から少しずつ前進を重ねてきて、ようやく死刑の廃止など、『人を殺し合うのはもうやめよう』という世界の共通認識が出来上がりつつある。それは人間を人間たらしめるものだと思う」と語りました。
人権問題で日本が果たせる役割と、ルールの根底にあるべきもの 菅野さんは人権問題について、日本だからこそ果たせる役割があるのではないかと考えているといいます。「日本はアジアの中でも、相当安定した経済力、軍事力を持つ。だからこそ、香港の人権弾圧の際にも、国連の人権理事会でアジア諸国の中で唯一、中国に対して『反対』を突きつけることができた。その力を活かせば、外交下手と言われる日本の現状を乗り越え、やるべきことをやる余地があるのではないか」と考えを語りました。
藤井教授は、その話を受け「一国民として社会を変える実効性は持たないが、自分にも何かできることはあるかもしれないと思えた」と感想を述べました。
そして、改めて現実科学レクチャーシリーズを開催する意義に触れ、「技術と人の本質のバランスをうまく取れる世界をつくる必要があると考えており、このような対話の場を設けることで、少しずつ考え方が変わってきたように感じている。いろいろな悪意が入ってきてしまうこの世界で、それを前提としながら世界を理解して、賢く合理的に、人道にも劣らない世界をつくっていく。より良い世界をつくるためには、現実を定義する必要があるのだと思う」と語りました。
菅野さんは藤井教授の考えを聞きながら、「価値観の多様性と『なんでもありの世界』は違う。ルールが必要で、ルールの本質には『みんなが自然体で納得できる物事』を置く必要があると思う。傲慢なルールは機能しないのだ」と考えを述べ、現実は人それぞれ違うものだとしても、「その奥底には人間性があってほしいといつも願ってしまう」と語りました。
藤井教授は「人権と言うと目が粗く、そこから抜け落ちるものがたくさんあるように思うが、人道と言うと抜け目なくカバーできる感じがする。菅野さんは、『人道』を言語化する必要があるのかもしれない」と指摘し、菅野さんもその考えに同意しました。そして、欧米諸国のように、いずれは日本でも、サミット開催前に人権・人道に関する対話の場を開催し、そこで話されたことを世界に向けてサミットで発信していくような環境をつくっていきたいと今後の目標を語り、本日の対談を終えました。
菅野さんにとっての「現実」とは? 最後に、菅野さんにとっての現実の定義をお伺いしました。
菅野さんは、現実について
「人間性がつなぐもの」
と回答。藤井教授との対談内容を総括するような定義をお話しいただき、本日のレクチャーシリーズを終了しました。
https://www.dhw.ac.jp/news/realityscience_vol-32/
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